- Are there real, demonstrated exceptions to this causal principle in the natural world?
Yes. Look up nuclear physics, there is no cause ascribable to instances of radioactive decay. It's a statistical process, not a deterministic one.
So, in the instance of particles seemingly fluctuating in and out of existence...can I remove the quantum vacuum and/or the laws...and still get the particles"?
Surely, noone really knows. Noone can "remove the quantum vacuum" without adding something, knowwhatImean?
Can Stephen Hawking claim that the universe came into existence without a cause while simultaneously appealing to laws like gravity as a precursor (or a simultaneous cause) to that universe?
Precursor: I wouldn't imagine so, please show me a link to this statement.
Simultaneous: Linky.
As I understand it: no, none of the physical laws we take for granted are involved as a "precursor" or "cause" to those very laws. This seems logically absolute to me: If I make a peanut butter sandwich, I can't use that peanut butter sandwich to explain the peanut butter sandwich I made.
- Does not the scientist assume causality as a metaphysical principle
No, WLC does that.
It seems like causality is a philosophical/metaphysical principle, and not a scientific/empirical one, as it informs the scientific method itself.
You're so close to being right! Causality is a *physical* principle, not a metaphysical one. Causality is about the rules of this universe, not about the rules that precede the rules of this universe.
Just my two cents, let me know what you think!
I think you ask very good questions.